Zopyrus, an important philosopher and scientist of the Pythagorean school, is a fascinating figure in the philosophy and mechanics of antiquity. Born in Taranto in the 4th century BC, Zopyrus distinguished himself not only as a thinker, but also as an innovator in the field of war machines. His expertise in military engineering is particularly evident through his invention of the “gastraphetes,” a device that can be considered a sort of primitive crossbow.
This instrument, which was used by resting it on the belly, consisted of a bow, a sturdy support frame, and a sliding mechanism designed to tighten the string. The gastraphetes design included a series of ratchets that allowed the force of the shot to be precisely adjusted, thus offering a considerable advantage in battle. Interestingly, Biton, a contemporary, places Zopyrus’s work in Miletus, suggesting the importance of his innovation in several Greek cities.
Furthermore, Zopyrus is mentioned in the catalogue of the Pythagoreans compiled by Iamblichus, who drew on the works of Aristoxenus, thus highlighting his belonging to a strong philosophical tradition. His activity was not limited to Taranto, but extended to various locations, as demonstrated by the construction of a gastraphetes in Cumae, Italy. This instrument was used as a defensive installation in fortified places, and especially in the mountains, during sieges, which indicates a practical and itinerant approach to his profession.
In short, Zopyrus embodies the intersection of science, philosophy, and engineering in ancient Greece, demonstrating how his theoretical knowledge found practical application in contexts of great social and military relevance. His legacy, through his inventions and his thought, continues to inspire interest and admiration.
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